Narrator: LOS ANGELES -- THE CITY OF ANGELS.
ALMOST 20 MILLION PEOPLE LIVE AND WORK HERE.
BUT THE CITY SITS
IN ONE OF THE MOST SEISMICALLY ACTIVE REGIONS ON THE PLANET.
Jones: A BIG EARTHQUAKE ON THE SAN ANDREAS FAULT
IS ABSOLUTELY INEVITABLE.
WE CAN'T TELL YOU WHEN IT WILL HAPPEN,
BUT WE KNOW THAT IT WILL.
Narrator: BUILDING A CITY RIGHT NEXT TO AN EARTHQUAKE FAULT
SEEMS IMPOSSIBLE.
HOW CAN LOS ANGELES SURVIVE?
TO FIND OUT, WE WILL STRIP THE CITY
TO REVEAL ITS SECRET INNER WORKINGS
AND EXPOSE THE INGENIOUS TECHNOLOGY
THAT ALLOWS THIS SPRAWLING METROPOLIS
TO EXIST ON THE BRINK OF DISASTER.
WELCOME TO HOLLYWOOD. YOU HAVE ARRIVED.
Narrator: LOS ANGELES --
THE MOST POPULAR CITY ON AMERICA'S WEST COAST.
A CITY OF SUNSHINE AND SUPERSTARS.
BUT ALL THESE LUXURY MANSIONS AND OFFICES
SIT ON A WEB OF UNDERGROUND EARTHQUAKE FAULTS.
MORE THAN 1,000 TREMORS ROCK THE CITY EVERY YEAR.
MANY ARE SMALL.
SOME ARE DEVASTATING.
FEBRUARY 1971.
THE WHOLE CITY SHAKES VIOLENTLY.
64 PEOPLE LOSE THEIR LIVES.
JANUARY 1994.
ANOTHER QUAKE HITS.
IT CAUSES $20 BILLION WORTH OF DAMAGE.
L.A.'s RESIDENTS KNOW
THE NEXT BIG ONE COULD STRIKE AT ANY TIME.
WE THINK WE'RE SAFE, BUT LET'S FACE IT.
NATURE IS FAR MORE POWERFUL THAN WE ARE.
WE'VE NOT REALLY HAD A VERY LARGE EARTHQUAKE SINCE 1994.
SO SOME PEOPLE THINK WE'RE OVERDUE.
THERE'S ALWAYS GONNA BE ANOTHER ONE.
Narrator: TODAY, ENGINEERS RACE TO QUAKE-PROOF BUILDINGS,
BRIDGES, AND HIGHWAYS BEFORE IT'S TOO LATE.
AT THE TOP OF THEIR LIST --
SAFEGUARDING L.A.'s ICONIC SKYSCRAPERS.
CHRIS MARTIN'S FAMILY HAVE BEEN CONSTRUCTING
TALL BUILDINGS IN LOS ANGELES FOR OVER A CENTURY.
THESE ARE FAMILY BUILDINGS --
ONE DONE IN 1964, ONE DONE IN 1970.
WE ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR A LARGE PERCENTAGE OF THE L.A. SKYLINE,
BUT ALSO L.A.'s INFRASTRUCTURE.
Narrator: IN 1926,
CHRIS' GRANDFATHER BEGAN BUILDING L.A. CITY HALL,
ONE OF THE MOST ICONIC TOWERS IN TOWN.
SAND FROM CALIFORNIA'S 58 COUNTIES
MAKES UP THE CONCRETE IN ITS WALLS.
8,000 TONS OF STEEL FORMS ITS SKELETON.
IN 1998, ENGINEERS INSTALLED 460 RUBBER SHOCK ABSORBERS
AND 90 SLIDING PLATES INTO THE FABRIC OF THIS BUILDING.
THESE INGENIOUS INVENTIONS ALLOW THE STRUCTURE
TO ROLL WITH THE PUNCHES WHEN THE GROUND MOVES.
[ RUMBLING ]
INTELLIGENT ENGINEERING LIKE THIS CAN SAVE BUILDINGS.
THE BIG CHALLENGE IS KNOWING
WHICH BUILDINGS ARE MOST AT RISK.
SCIENTISTS AT NASA'S JET PROPULSION LAB
HAVE A CLEVER SOLUTION TO THIS PROBLEM.
THIS UNIQUE JET HAS AN ULTRASENSITIVE RADAR ANTENNA
MOUNTED ON ITS FUSELAGE.
Man: OKAY, TOWER, NASA 502 IS CLEAR FOR TAKEOFF.
Narrator: THE TEAM USE THE RADAR
TO STUDY THE EARTH'S SURFACE IN MINUTE DETAIL.
TODAY, THEY'RE FLYING A MISSION OVER THE SAN ANDREAS FAULT,
THE SOURCE OF L.A.'s BIGGEST EARTHQUAKES.
NASA GEOPHYSICIST DR. ERIC FIELDING
IS STUDYING THE GROUND MOVEMENT ALONG THIS FAULT
TO IDENTIFY WHERE THE NEXT BIG QUAKE MAY STRIKE.
WE'VE BEEN DOING THESE FLIGHTS
TO MAP THE SAN ANDREAS FAULT SYSTEM NOW FOR FOUR YEARS.
SOME PARTS OF THE FAULT ARE LOCKED.
THEY JUST SIT THERE FOR 200 YEARS OR 300 YEARS,
AND THEN SUDDENLY -- BOOM -- IT MOVES 30 FEET.
Narrator: TWO TECTONIC PLATES COLLIDE ALONG THE SAN ANDREAS FAULT,
WHICH SITS LESS THAN 40 MILES FROM L.A.
SITTING ON TOP OF HOT MAGMA,
THE PACIFIC PLATE SLIDES PAST THE NORTH AMERICAN PLATE.
SOMETIMES THEY LOCK TOGETHER.
TREMENDOUS TENSION BUILDS UP IN THE ROCK.
THEY BEND AND STRETCH UNTIL THEY EVENTUALLY SHIFT...
...RELEASING A MASSIVE SHOCK WAVE -- AN EARTHQUAKE.
THE RADAR CREATES DETAILED MAPS
OF THE SAN ANDREAS FAULT NEAR L.A.
FOR THE BEST RESULTS, THE PILOTS MUST FLY THE PLANE
ALONG VERY PRECISE PATHS IN THE SKY BEFORE ACTIVATING
A STATE-OF-THE-ART NAVIGATION SYSTEM.
AS A PILOT, MY JOB IS TO FLY THROUGH A HOLE
OR LIKE A TUBE IN THE SKY THAT'S ABOUT 100 FEET,
AND THEN ONCE I GET INSIDE THAT TUBE THAT'S 100 FEET,
I CAN CONNECT THE SYSTEM ON THE AIRPLANE,
AND IT'LL TAKE IT DOWN TO 15 FEET AND SMALLER.
Narrator: THE RADAR RESULTS ARE ACCURATE TO A FRACTION OF AN INCH.
THE SCIENTISTS COMPARED DATA
FROM TWO FLIGHTS JUST SIX MONTHS APART.
THIS HELPS ERIC LOCATE ANY GROUND MOVEMENTS
ALONG THE SAN ANDREAS FAULT OVER TIME.
SO THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF ONE OF THE RADAR IMAGES,
AND THE COLORS HERE SHOW US
HOW MUCH THE GROUND SURFACE MOVED.
SO THE COLOR DIFFERENCE HERE
BETWEEN THE PURPLE AND THE GREEN OR THE PURPLE AND THE BLUE
IS SHOWING US THAT THIS SIDE OF THE FAULT MOVED DOWN
ABOUT 8 CENTIMETERS RELATIVE TO THIS SIDE OF THE FAULT.
Narrator: BUT THE COLOR DATA SHOWS NO MOVEMENT
ALONG THE FAULT NEAR L.A.
HERE, THE PLATES LOCK TOGETHER, AND THE PRESSURE IS MOUNTING.
SEEING HOW THE STRAIN IS BUILDING UP
IS IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND
WHAT THE RISK IS OF FUTURE EARTHQUAKES.
Narrator: ERIC'S WORK CONFIRMS
A LARGE EARTHQUAKE ALONG THE SAN ANDREAS FAULT NEAR LOS ANGELES
IS OVERDUE.
WHEN IT HITS, CLEVER ENGINEERING WILL PROTECT CITY HALL.
BUT ENGINEERS LIKE CHRIS MARTIN
MUST PREPARE THE CITY'S OTHER TALL BUILDINGS
FOR THE NEXT BIG ONE.
CHRIS' LATEST TOWER
IS THE WILSHIRE GRAND SKYSCRAPER.
ONCE COMPLETE,
IT WILL BE THE TALLEST BUILDING ON THE WEST COAST.
[ WHISTLES ]
HO, HO, HO!
Martin: HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS LIKE THIS, AS LONG AS YOU DESIGN
FOR THE BUILDING TO MOVE DYNAMICALLY IN A SEISMIC EVENT,
IT'S NOT A PROBLEM.
IF YOU DON'T UNDERSTAND WHAT YOU'RE DOING,
YOU'LL REALLY HAVE A PROBLEM.
Narrator: CHRIS' TEAM USE
EXTREME QUAKE-PROOFING TECHNIQUES,
STARTING FROM THE BOTTOM UP.
2,000 TRUCKLOADS OF CONCRETE
WILL ANCHOR THE SKYSCRAPER TO THE ROCK BELOW.
36 MILLION POUNDS OF STEEL WILL FORM ITS SKELETON.
A HUGE SPINE, MADE FROM 4-FOOT CONCRETE WALLS,
WILL RUN UP THE CENTER OF THE BUILDING TO HOLD IT ROCK STEADY.
THE ENGINEERS WILL INSTALL SHOCK ABSORBERS
TO PROVIDE A CUSHION BETWEEN THE SPINE AND THE SKELETON.
THESE WILL ALLOW THE WHOLE STRUCTURE TO MOVE
WHEN THE GROUND BENEATH SHAKES.
CONSTRUCTING THE WEST COAST'S TALLEST SKYSCRAPER
IS NO SIMPLE TASK.
TODAY, THE TEAM ARE DIGGING 84 FEET DOWN BELOW STREET LEVEL
TO PREPARE FOR THE CONCRETE POUR.
GOT 20 MONTHS TO GO AHEAD AND TOP OUT,
AND THAT CONCRETE FLOOR, OUR FIRST PART OF THE BUILDING,
IS THE CRITICAL PAD.
BEING HERE IN CALIFORNIA,
WITH ALL OF THE SEISMIC ISSUES THAT WE HAVE
AND ALL THE DIFFERENT TOLERANCES WE HAVE IN PLAY,
IT BECOMES VERY CHALLENGING TO THE DESIGNERS.
Narrator: BOASTING OFFICES, SHOPS, AND A LUXURY HOTEL,
THE BUILDING WILL TOWER 73 STORIES TALL
AND CONTAIN 1.7 MILLION SQUARE FEET OF FLOOR SPACE.
EARTHQUAKES WON'T STOP LOS ANGELES FROM GROWING.
EXTREME ENGINEERING PROTECTS THE SKYSCRAPERS
AGAINST DEADLY TREMORS.
BUT THE CITY FACES ANOTHER PROBLEM.
SCIENTISTS ARE DISCOVERING NEW FAULT LINES
RIGHT UNDER LOS ANGELES THAT THREATEN THE CITY ABOVE.
Narrator: LOS ANGELES SUMMERS ARE HOT, LONG, AND DRY.
TEMPERATURES REGULARLY TOP 80 DEGREES,
AND THERE IS NO RAIN FOR WEEKS ON END.
EACH L.A. RESIDENT USES AROUND 123 GALLONS OF WATER EVERY DAY.
PROVIDING ENOUGH WATER TO QUENCH THE CITY'S THIRST
IS A HUGE CHALLENGE FOR ENGINEERS.
MORE THAN 7,000 MILES OF PIPES SNAKE BENEATH THE CITY.
THEY DELIVER 200 BILLION GALLONS OF WATER EACH YEAR.
EARTHQUAKES PUSH THIS SPRAWLING NETWORK TO ITS LIMITS.
IF GAS PIPES RUPTURE,
THE WATER SUPPLY IS ESSENTIAL
TO FIGHT THE FIRES THAT BREAK OUT.
VAST PIPES CHANNEL 90% OF THE CITY'S WATER IN
FROM HUNDREDS OF MILES AWAY.
THIS IS ONE OF THOSE MAJOR ARTERIES,
THE LOS ANGELES AQUEDUCT.
IN 1908, ENGINEERS START BUILDING THE AQUEDUCT.
THE BIGGEST CHALLENGE IS TO DIG A FIVE-MILE TUNNEL
TO CHANNEL WATER FROM OWENS LAKE.
IT TAKES 5,000 WORKERS FIVE YEARS TO BUILD.
100 YEARS LATER,
THE TUNNEL REMAINS A VITAL LIFELINE FOR LOS ANGELES.
BUT THERE'S A PROBLEM.
THE TUNNEL CUTS STRAIGHT THROUGH THE SAN ANDREAS FAULT.
MOST OF THE GROUND ALONG THIS PLATE BOUNDARY MOVES
BY UP TO 1.5 INCHES A YEAR.
BUT AT THIS TUNNEL JUNCTION, THE FAULT IS LOCKED,
AND THE PRESSURE IS BUILDING.
A TEAM OF ENGINEERS IS QUAKE-PROOFING THE TUNNEL,
LED BY GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER CRAIG DAVIS.
SOME TIME BETWEEN NOW AND THE NEXT 50 YEARS,
WE DEFINITELY EXPECT A LARGE EARTHQUAKE
TO CAUSE DAMAGE TO THIS TUNNEL,
AND WHEN THAT EARTHQUAKE OCCURS, IT'S ACTUALLY HIGHLY LIKELY
THAT WE COULD ALSO LOSE OTHER AQUEDUCT SUPPLIES
THAT BRING WATER TO LOS ANGELES,
SUCH AS THE COLORADO RIVER AQUEDUCT
AND THE CALIFORNIA AQUEDUCT.
Narrator: NOW A $4 MILLION PROJECT
IS UNDER WAY TO UPGRADE THE TUNNEL.
CRAIG'S TEAM ARE INSTALLING A SPECIAL EARTHQUAKE-PROOF PIPE
THAT WILL RUN RIGHT THROUGH IT.
THE TECTONIC PLATES SLIPPING PAST EACH OTHER
CREATE HAVOC WITHIN THE MOUNTAIN HERE.
A LARGE SLIP ALONG THE FAULT
COULD CAUSE THE TUNNEL TO COLLAPSE.
THE NEW PIPE IS ONE CONTINUOUS PIECE OF PLASTIC THAT CAN BEND,
FEEDING WATER TO L.A. EVEN IF THE SAN ANDREAS FAULT SLIPS.
THOUSANDS OF GALLONS OF WATER
WILL FLOW THROUGH THE NEW PIPE EVERY SECOND.
TODAY, THE TEAM ARE TESTING SPECIAL ANCHORS
THAT SECURE THE PIPE TO THE SURROUNDING ROCK.
Davis: SO HERE, WE'VE DRILLED AND INSTALLED AN ANCHOR.
AND WE'RE GOING TO DO AN ANCHOR PULL TEST
TO DETERMINE HOW STRONG THIS ANCHOR IS
IN THE CRUSHED ROCK AROUND THE SAN ANDREAS FAULT.
WE DO NOT WANT THIS PIPE TO MOVE ONCE IT'S INSTALLED.
Narrator: THEY USE A HYDRAULIC JACK
TO PULL THE ANCHOR BOLT AND MEASURE ITS STRENGTH.
-0.001.
3.008.
MAX LOAD.
0.013.
THE NEW PIPE IS A BRILLIANT SOLUTION TO A SERIOUS PROBLEM.
WHEN THE NEXT EARTHQUAKE STRIKES,
THERE WILL BE WATER TO FIGHT THE ENSUING FIRES.
IT'S A VITAL IMPROVEMENT TO THE CITY'S INFRASTRUCTURE,
BECAUSE GEOLOGISTS NOW REALIZE
THAT L.A. IS IN FAR MORE DANGER THAN THEY THOUGHT.
JANUARY 1994, NORTHRIDGE, JUST 20 MILES FROM DOWNTOWN L.A.
A MAGNITUDE 6.6 QUAKE ROCKS THE TOWN.
[ SIREN WAILS ]
TODD LEITZ EXPERIENCED THE EARTHQUAKE FIRSTHAND.
ALL OF A SUDDEN, I WAS THROWN TO THE GROUND
BY VERY VIOLENT SHAKING.
DIVED UNDER MY DESK.
MY COFFEE MAKER SPEWED HOT COFFEE ALL OVER THE PLACE.
MY TV MONITORS WENT FLYING ACROSS THE ROOM.
I WAS REALLY GLAD THAT I GOT UNDER MY DESK.
THE POWER OF THE EARTHQUAKE WAS MIND-BLOWING.
I SAW A GIANT SINKHOLE
WHERE THE GAS LEAK HAD SPARKED A HUGE BLAZE THAT WAS JUST --
IT LOOKED LIKE THE GATES OF HELL RIGHT THERE.
IF THE NORTHRIDGE EARTHQUAKE DID THAT KIND OF DAMAGE THEN,
WHAT KIND OF DAMAGE IS THE BIG ONE GONNA DO WHEN IT HITS?
Narrator: NORTHRIDGE IS AN AREA GEOLOGISTS BELIEVED WAS STABLE.
BUT THEY WERE WRONG.
THE TWO TECTONIC PLATES SCRAPE PAST EACH OTHER
AT A RATE OF 2 INCHES A YEAR.
BUT ONLY 2/3 OF THIS MOVEMENT
OCCURS ALONG THE SAN ANDREAS FAULT.
THE REST TAKES PLACE ALONG HUNDREDS OF SMALLER FAULTS,
MANY HIDDEN BENEATH THE EARTH'S SURFACE.
THE RACE IS ON TO LOCATE THESE HIDDEN FAULTS.
ENGINEERS USE THIS HEAVYWEIGHT SOLUTION --
A FAULT-DETECTING TRUCK.
Barklage: IN 1994, THERE WAS A LARGE EARTHQUAKE
IN THE LOS ANGELES BASIN IN THE NORTHRIDGE AREA,
AND THIS WAS A PREVIOUSLY UNIDENTIFIED FAULT
IN THE SUBSURFACE.
AND SO THIS TECHNOLOGY WILL ALLOW US
TO MAP OUT THOSE PREVIOUSLY UNIDENTIFIED FAULTS
TO BETTER PREPARE THE COMMUNITY
FOR THESE LARGE, DEVASTATING EARTHQUAKES.
WE USE THESE TRUCKS TO GENERATE
A THREE-DIMENSIONAL IMAGE OF THE SUBSURFACE
SIMILAR TO AN ULTRASOUND OR AN MRI OF THE HUMAN BODY,
ONLY OF THE INTERIOR OF THE EARTH.
Narrator: EACH TRUCK WEIGHS IN AT 30 TONS
AND IS CRAMMED FULL OF INGENIOUS TECHNOLOGY.
OKAY, LET'S GO.
[ KEYPAD BEEPS ]
Narrator: THE TRUCK GENERATES WAVES
THAT TRAVEL AS DEEP AS 3 MILES DOWN INTO THE EARTH.
FRACTURES IN THE ROCK REFLECT THE WAVES
BACK UP TO THE SURFACE.
SPECIAL SENSORS CALLED GEOPHONES MEASURE THE REFLECTIONS
AND CREATE MAPS OF THE COMPLEX SUBTERRANEAN ARCHITECTURE.
THE TEAM'S WORK REVEALS A CITY UNDER THREAT.
SO FAR, THEY FOUND MORE THAN 60 FAULTS UNDERNEATH L.A.
ALL OF THEM ARE CAPABLE OF CAUSING LARGE TREMORS
THAT WOULD DEVASTATE THE CITY ABOVE.
ONE NEW FAULT, JUST RECENTLY DETECTED,
CUTS RIGHT ACROSS HOLLYWOOD BOULEVARD.
THE HOLLYWOOD FAULT HAS BEEN LOCKED FOR 7,000 YEARS.
[ CAR ALARMS BEEPING ]
IF THIS ONE SLIPS,
IT COULD TRIGGER A LARGE EARTHQUAKE,
BRINGING TINSEL TOWN TO ITS KNEES.
Narrator: LOS ANGELES --
THE LARGEST CITY ON AMERICA'S WEST COAST.
DUE TO IMMENSE URBAN SPRAWL,
DRIVING IS THE ONLY PRACTICAL WAY TO GET AROUND.
DESPITE 21,000 MILES OF ROADS,
L.A. IS THE MOST CONGESTED CITY IN AMERICA.
THE AVERAGE COMMUTER SPENDS 96 HOURS A YEAR IN TRAFFIC JAMS,
AND THERE ARE A LOT OF COMMUTERS.
[ TRUCK HORN BLARES ]
THE GOLDEN STATE FREEWAY.
IT'S UP TO 22 LANES WIDE
AND CARRIES 374,000 VEHICLES A DAY.
IT STRETCHES FOR OVER 1,300 MILES
FROM CANADA TO MEXICO.
NORTH OF THE CITY,
IT CUTS THROUGH THE ICONIC SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS.
THIS PUTS IT DIRECTLY IN THE FIRING LINE
OF ONE OF THE LETHAL SIDE EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES --
LANDSLIDES.
THE NORTHRIDGE EARTHQUAKE IN 1994
TRIGGERED MORE THAN 11,000 LANDSLIDES,
DESTROYING ROADS AND HOUSES.
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER MIKE READER
UNDERSTANDS THE DEADLY INGREDIENTS
THAT MAKE L.A. SO VULNERABLE.
WE'RE HERE AT THE SOUTH END
OF WHAT'S CALLED THE LOS ANGELES BASIN.
THE CITY OF LOS ANGELES IS TO THE NORTH OF US.
IT'S THE LARGEST ACTIVE LANDSLIDE IN NORTH AMERICA
AND HAS MOVED AS MUCH AS 30 FEET A YEAR,
WHICH DOESN'T SEEM LIKE A LOT,
BUT IN LANDSLIDE TERMS, THAT'S VERY QUICK.
LOS ANGELES IS CONSTANTLY MOVING.
AGAIN, THE SAN ANDREAS MOVES ABOUT 4 OR 5 INCHES.
BUT THERE'S A HUNDRED FAULTS NEARBY
THAT ALL MOVE A MILLIMETER OR TWO MILLIMETERS A YEAR,
AND IT'S LIKE A GIANT SORT OF BLENDER.
IT CRUNCHES UP ALL THE ROCKS.
SO ALL THE ROCK AROUND HERE IS WEAK.
IT'S WHAT WE CALL CALIFORNIA ROCK.
Narrator: WEAK ROCK SITTING ON STEEP SLOPES
IS A RECIPE FOR DISASTER IN AN EARTHQUAKE HOTSPOT.
INSIDE THE STEEP SLOPES,
THE MOVEMENT OF THE EARTH'S CRUST
CRUSHES AND TWISTS THE ROCK.
IT CREATES CRACKS AND WEAK LAYERS OF GROUND.
THESE MAKE THE SLOPES HIGHLY UNSTABLE.
THE NEXT EARTHQUAKE COULD PUSH THEM OVER THE EDGE.
IT WAS A LANDSLIDE
THAT GAVE L.A.'s MOST RECOGNIZED ICON
A FACELIFT DURING THE 1940s.
TODAY, JUST NORTH OF L.A.,
A MASSIVE $72 MILLION PROJECT IS UNDER WAY
TO UPGRADE THE GOLDEN STATE FREEWAY.
THE ROAD HERE PASSES DIRECTLY THROUGH A LANDSLIDE DANGER ZONE.
THIS IS THE I-5 TRUCK-LANE PROJECT.
BASICALLY, WE ARE ADDING A TRUCK LANE
ON EACH SIDE OF THE FREEWAY.
IT IS VERY EXCITING
AND VERY CHALLENGING AT THE SAME TIME.
Narrator: WHERE THE VALLEY NARROWS,
ABDUL'S TEAM MUST CUT
INTO THE STEEP SLOPES ON THE MOUNTAINSIDE.
BUT THIS COULD ALSO PUT ROADS AT RISK IN AN EARTHQUAKE.
Al-Jamal: WHEN YOU EXPOSE THE SIDE OF THE HILL,
YOU'RE REALLY CREATING A VERY DANGEROUS SITUATION.
IF YOU HAVE AN EARTHQUAKE,
DEFINITELY, YOU KNOW, YOU'RE GONNA HAVE A MAJOR LANDSLIDE.
Narrator: TO REDUCE THE THREAT,
ENGINEERS BUILD A 14-INCH-THICK WALL,
WHICH HOLDS THE SLOPE IN PLACE.
THEY DRIVE MORE THAN 500 STEEL ANCHORS
DEEP INTO THE ROCK FACE.
PIPES DRAIN AWAY EXCESS RAINWATER
THAT COULD INCREASE THE PRESSURE ON THE WALL.
THE 1,200-FOOT-LONG
WALL WILL PROTECT THIS SECTION OF THE FREEWAY
WHEN A BIG QUAKE STRIKES.
KEEPING THE GOLDEN STATE FREEWAY MOVING WHILE THEY UPGRADE IT
IS A HUGE CHALLENGE.
THIS 3-MILE LONG SECTION IS A BOTTLENECK.
Al-Jamal: AND EVERYTHING'S READY, RIGHT?
THE FORMS AND THE STEEL REBAR?
Man: FORMS ARE READY.
STEEL IS GETTING PLACED RIGHT NOW.
THE PRESSURE IS ON ABDUL'S TEAM
TO FINISH THE WORK WITHOUT ADDING TO THE GRIDLOCK.
THE TRAFFIC DEFINITELY IS IMPACTED.
WE HAVE A LOT OF TRUCKS COMING IN,
A LOT OF EQUIPMENT AND MANPOWER.
BUT WHAT THEY'RE DOING RIGHT NOW
IS BASICALLY DOING A TEST RUN FOR TONIGHT'S POUR.
THEY'RE CHECKING ALL THE ELEVATIONS,
MAKING SURE WE HAVE THE RIGHT DEPTH
FOR THE CONCRETE FIRST DECK.
WE ARE REALLY UP AGAINST THE CLOCK,
ESPECIALLY WITH THE WINTER SEASON COMING IN.
SO WE'RE TRYING TO FINISH
AS MUCH AS WE CAN AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE.
Narrator: THE NUMBER OF CARS ON THE GOLDEN STATE FREEWAY
WILL DOUBLE BY 2030.
PREVENTING LANDSLIDES IS CRITICAL
TO KEEP TRAFFIC MOVING ON THIS VITAL LINK.
BUT IT'S NOT THE ONLY CHALLENGE.
BRIDGES ARE THE LINCHPINS OF THIS ROAD NETWORK.
EARTHQUAKES PUT THESE COMPLEX STRUCTURES TO THE TEST.
AND SOMETIMES THEY FAIL.
Narrator: LOS ANGELES HAS ONE OF THE MOST COMPLEX
ROAD NETWORKS IN THE WORLD.
THESE VITAL ARTERIES ARE ALL BUILT
IN A MAJOR EARTHQUAKE ZONE.
THE MOST VULNERABLE PARTS OF THE HIGHWAY SYSTEM
ARE ITS BRIDGES AND INTERSECTIONS.
THE VINCENT THOMAS BRIDGE
IS THE BIGGEST SUSPENSION BRIDGE IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.
IT STRETCHES OVER 2 MILES.
32,000 VEHICLES CROSS IT EVERY DAY.
TWO 23,000-TON CONCRETE SLABS
ANCHOR ITS TWO SUSPENSION CABLES,
GIVING THE BRIDGE INCREDIBLE STRENGTH.
EACH CABLE IS MADE FROM 212 STEEL WIRES.
THEY STRETCH OVER THE 180-FOOT-TALL TOWERS
THAT HOLD UP THE BRIDGE DECK.
IN THE LATE 1990s,
GEOLOGISTS MADE A FRIGHTENING DISCOVERY.
THE PALOS VERDES FAULT RUNS DIRECTLY UNDER THE BRIDGE.
IT'S A FAULT CAPABLE OF TRIGGERING
A MAGNITUDE-SEVEN QUAKE.
THIS IS ONE OF THE CITY'S MOST COMPLEX BRIDGE SYSTEMS,
THE INTERSECTION BETWEEN THE 5 AND THE 14.
MAKING BRIDGES LIKE THESE QUAKE-PROOF
IS A FORMIDABLE CHALLENGE.
ALL BRIDGES ARE DESIGNED FOR THE WEIGHT OF THE CONCRETE,
THE WEIGHT OF THE TRUCKS,
THE WEIGHT OF THE CARS THAT DRIVE ON THEM.
AND EVERYBODY CAN UNDERSTAND THAT.
DURING AN EARTHQUAKE, THE REAL PROBLEM, HOWEVER,
IS THE HORIZONTAL FORCE.
IT'S THE LATERAL PUNCH
THAT THE EARTHQUAKE GIVES THE BRIDGES.
AND THAT'S ONE OF THE THINGS WE SAW HERE AT THE 5-14 CONNECTOR,
WAS THESE LARGE, HORIZONTAL MOVEMENTS.
Narrator: WHEN THE EARTHQUAKE STRIKES IN 1994,
THE TALLER SUPPORT COLUMNS OF THE BRIDGE SYSTEM SWAY
AS THE GROUND BENEATH SHAKES.
THE SHORTER, STIFFER COLUMNS
RESIST THE LARGE, HORIZONTAL FORCES.
THEY CRACK AND FAIL.
MAJOR BRIDGES COLLAPSE DIRECTLY ONTO THE GOLDEN STATE FREEWAY,
CLOSING THE INTERSECTION FOR NINE MONTHS.
THERE WAS 2,000 BRIDGES
THAT FELT THE SHAKING FROM 1994 NORTHRIDGE.
ONLY SIX OF THEM FAILED,
AND IT DOESN'T SOUND LIKE A BIG NUMBER,
BUT THOSE SIX CAUSED HUGE DISRUPTIONS
TO THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM IN LOS ANGELES.
THERE'S DUST. THERE'S CONCRETE DEBRIS.
THERE'S REINFORCING STEEL STICKING OUT OF THE BRIDGE.
EVERY EARTHQUAKE, WE LEARN SOMETHING NEW.
WHEN WE GET THE REAL STRONG SHAKING
LIKE WE SAW HERE IN 1994
FROM A FAULT THAT WAS VERY CLOSE BY,
IT REALLY JUST EMPHASIZES THE CRITICAL IMPORTANCE
TO DESIGN THESE BRIDGES IN LOS ANGELES
TO RESIST THESE EARTHQUAKES
AND KEEP THE LOCAL SOCIETY FUNCTIONING.
Narrator: QUAKE-PROOFING L.A.'S OLDEST BRIDGES
IS THE BIGGEST CHALLENGE.
IN THE PORT OF LONG BEACH,
A KEY SECTION OF BRIDGE IS IN DESPERATE NEED OF UPGRADE.
THE GERALD DESMOND BRIDGE IS A KEY ARTERY
INTO AMERICA'S SECOND-BUSIEST PORT.
BUT IT'S 50 YEARS OLD.
SO TODAY, ENGINEERS ARE BUILDING
A BRAND-NEW, QUAKE-PROOF BRIDGE TO REPLACE IT.
BOB SCHRAEDER IS OVERSEEING THE BILLION-DOLLAR PROJECT.
WE HAVE THE EXISTING GERALD DESMOND BRIDGE DOWN THERE.
IT'S AN OLD BRIDGE THAT WAS BUILT IN 1967.
IT'S PAST ITS DESIGN LIFE.
AND ABOUT 15% OF ALL OF THE GOODS THAT COME INTO AMERICA
GO OVER THAT BRIDGE.
WE NEED TO REPLACE THE BRIDGE
TO CREATE A BETTER TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
THAT ALLOWS A LOT MORE FLOW OF TRAFFIC
FOR THE IMPORTS AND EXPORTS.
Narrator: THE NEW BRIDGE SITS
NEXT DOOR TO AN EARTHQUAKE FAULT.
IT NEEDS TO WITHSTAND THE REGION'S MOST SEVERE TREMORS.
Schraeder: WHEN AN EARTHQUAKE HITS,
IT BASICALLY TAKES YOUR FOUNDATION --
THE EARTH MOVES, AND YOUR BRIDGE NOW IS TRYING
TO GET CAUGHT UP WITH THAT MOVEMENT.
SO YOU HAVE TO HAVE SOME ELASTICITY,
SOME ABILITY TO MOVE.
SO WE'VE ANTICIPATED IT, AND WE'VE DESIGNED FOR IT
BECAUSE THIS BRIDGE NEEDS TO LAST FOR 100 YEARS.
Narrator: THE QUAKE-PROOF DESIGN STARTS
WITH THE BRIDGE'S 180-FOOT-DEEP FOUNDATION PILES.
24 OF THESE STEEL-AND-CONCRETE FOUNDATION PILES
WILL SUPPORT THE TWO 515-FOOT-TALL TOWERS.
HUGE STEEL CABLES WILL HOLD UP THE BRIDGE DECK.
THE ENGINEERS WILL INSTALL SHOCK ABSORBERS
TO ACT AS BUFFERS BETWEEN THE TOWERS AND THE DECK
SO IT MOVES FREELY IN A QUAKE.
SPECIAL JOINTS THAT PIVOT
WILL CONNECT THE DECK TO THE REST OF THE ROAD.
THESE WILL ALLOW EACH SECTION TO MOVE INDEPENDENTLY
WHEN THE GROUND BEGINS TO SHAKE.
WITH SO MUCH DEPENDING ON THE NEW BRIDGE,
THE TEAM RACES TO FINISH THE PROJECT
AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE.
THIS REBAR CAGE GOES DOWN 150 FEET
FROM WHERE I'M STANDING AT RIGHT HERE.
THE CONCRETE IS A COUPLE FEET BELOW THE TOP OF THIS REBAR,
AND THAT'S SO WE CAN SPLICE ONTO THIS REBAR
AND CONTINUE BUILDING THE BRIDGE FROM HERE UP.
Narrator: IT WILL TAKE THREE YEARS
TO BUILD THE 2,000-FOOT-LONG GIANT.
THE NEW BRIDGE WILL BE CALIFORNIA'S FIRST
CABLE-SUPPORTED BRIDGE FOR VEHICLES
BUILT IN AN ACTIVE EARTHQUAKE ZONE.
IT WILL KEEP AMERICA'S INTERNATIONAL TRADE ROUTES OPEN
EVEN WHEN AN EARTHQUAKE HITS.
BUILDING BY BUILDING, BRIDGE BY BRIDGE,
ENGINEERS IN LOS ANGELES
ARE MASTERING ITS EARTHQUAKE PROBLEM.
BUT THE SEISMIC FAULTS THAT THREATEN THE CITY
ALSO BRING GREAT WEALTH...
IN THE FORM OF BLACK GOLD.
Narrator: LOS ANGELES.
EVERY YEAR, MORE THAN 40 MILLION VISITORS ARRIVE
TO SOAK UP THE GLITZ AND GLAMOUR.
BUT FEW REALIZE THE GEOLOGICAL TREASURE
THAT LIES HIDDEN BENEATH THE SKIN OF THE CITY.
THERE ARE DOZENS OF STRUCTURES ACROSS L.A.
THAT LOOK LIKE NORMAL BUILDINGS
BUT SERVE A VERY DIFFERENT PURPOSE.
THEY ARE CAMOUFLAGED OIL WELLS
THAT EXTEND THOUSANDS OF FEET DOWN INTO THE ROCK UNDER L.A.
THESE URBAN WELLS GENERATE MILLIONS OF DOLLARS A YEAR
FOR THE CITY'S ECONOMY.
THE ABUNDANCE OF OIL LINKS DIRECTLY
TO THE REGION'S DEVASTATING EARTHQUAKES.
MIKE READER UNDERSTANDS
THE PROCESSES AT WORK UNDER L.A. BETTER THAN MOST.
Reader: L.A. IS HERE BECAUSE OIL IS HERE.
AND OIL IS HERE BECAUSE THERE'S FAULTS HERE,
AND THE FAULTS ARE HERE BECAUSE THERE'S EARTHQUAKES HERE.
AND SO THEY'RE ALL PART OF THE SAME GEOLOGIC PUZZLE.
Narrator: MOVEMENT IN THE ROCK UNDER THE CITY
FORCES OIL UP TO THE SURFACE.
EARTHQUAKES HAVE FRACTURED UP THE EARTH'S SURFACE
AND THEN ACTS AS A PIPELINE, BASICALLY.
SO YOU GET PETROLEUM AND OIL AND, IN THIS CASE, TAR,
THAT WORKS ITS WAY ALL THE WAY TO THE GROUND SURFACE,
AND WE SEE IT HERE IN THIS LITTLE KIND OF TAR MOUND
OR TAR VOLCANO THAT'S BUBBLED ALL THE WAY THROUGH THIS LAWN.
Narrator: 15 MILLION YEARS AGO,
THE L.A. BASIN SAT AT THE BOTTOM OF AN OCEAN.
THE SEA BED WAS COVERED
WITH DECOMPOSING SEA CREATURES AND PLANTS.
SEDIMENT AND SAND SETTLED IN THICK LAYERS ON TOP,
INCREASING THE PRESSURE AND HEAT BELOW.
OVER TIME, THIS TRANSFORMED THE DEAD SEA CREATURES INTO OIL.
THE OIL BECAME TRAPPED IN FAULTS IN THE ROCK
AS THE TECTONIC PLATES LIFTED LOS ANGELES OUT OF THE OCEAN,
CREATING A GEOLOGICAL TREASURE TROVE.
UP TO 5 1/2 BILLION BARRELS OF OIL REMAIN UNDER LOS ANGELES.
THE CHALLENGE IS EXTRACTING THE OIL
WITHOUT DISTURBING THE AREA'S 20 MILLION RESIDENTS.
GOOD MORNING.
ONE SOLUTION -- THE THUMS ISLANDS.
THESE ARE NO ORDINARY ISLANDS.
THEY'RE OIL RIGS DISGUISED TO LOOK LIKE TROPICAL RESORTS.
THEY SIT JUST A HALF-MILE FROM THE BEACH
AND HAVE BEEN PRODUCING OIL FOR ALMOST HALF A CENTURY.
PETROLOGIST CHARLIE PLANT
WORKS ONBOARD THESE EXTRAORDINARY STRUCTURES.
Plant: WHEN THE CITIZENS APPROVED
DEVELOPMENT OF THE OFFSHORE OIL FIELD,
ONE OF THE REQUIREMENTS
WAS THAT IT HAVE A MINIMAL IMPACT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
AND THAT IT WAS AESTHETICALLY APPEALING
AND IT DIDN'T DISTURB THE CITIZENS OF LONG BEACH.
Narrator: THE ARCHITECT WHO DESIGNED THE ISLAND'S FACADE
ALSO WORKED ON DISNEYLAND.
THE WALLS ARE SOUNDPROOF
AND CONCEAL SOME HEAVY-DUTY MACHINERY.
Plant: THERE'S MANY OIL FIELDS,
BUT NOT MANY THAT LOOK LIKE THIS.
THE BLUE STRIPED TOWER IN THE BACKGROUND,
THAT'S ACTUALLY A FUNCTIONAL DRILLING RIG,
SO THAT'S WHAT WE DRILL WELLS WITH.
THE WELLS CAN GO OUT OVER A MILE AND THEN OVER A MILE DEEP.
SO EVERYTHING CENTERS FROM THE ISLAND
AND KIND OF FEATHERS OUT FROM THERE.
THIS IS ONE OF FOUR MAN-MADE ISLANDS.
ENGINEERS BUILD THEM FROM SAND AND ROCK
DREDGED FROM THE BOTTOM OF THE BAY.
ON EACH ISLAND,
A DRILL RIG BORES WELLS 8,000 FEET DEEP INTO THE SEABED.
CHARLIE'S TEAM HAS DRILLED OVER 200 OIL WELLS UNDER THE ISLAND.
THEY SPRAWL UP TO A MILE IN ALL DIRECTIONS.
THE ISLANDS CHANNEL MORE THAN 9 MILLION BARRELS OF OIL A YEAR,
ENOUGH TO FILL UP 25,000 GASOLINE-THIRSTY CARS EVERY DAY.
ISLAND WHITE IS ONE OF THE LARGEST ISLANDS.
BEHIND THE IDYLLIC PALM TREES AND WATERFALLS,
THE 10-ACRE OIL RIG OPERATES 24/7.
TODAY, ONE OF THE WELLS IS DOWN.
CHARLIE'S TEAM RACE TO GET THE WELL BACK INTO PRODUCTION.
THIS PARTICULAR RIG RIGHT NOW IS CLEANING SAND OUT OF THE HOLE,
AND ONCE IT'S CLEANED OUT,
THEY WILL PUT A NEW PUMP IN THE HOLE
AND CONTINUE ON WITH PRODUCTION.
Narrator: A 175-FOOT-TALL RIG
DRILLS EACH WELL DEEP INTO THE ROCK BELOW.
THIS RIG MOVES AROUND THE ISLAND ON THESE RAILROAD TRACKS
VIA THE USE OF HYDRAULICS.
THEN FROM THERE, THEY DRILL THE WELL
AND RUN THE SUBMERSIBLE PUMP AND PUT THE WELL ON PRODUCTION.
Narrator: THERE ARE 68 OIL FIELDS ACROSS THE LOS ANGELES BASIN.
THEY FORM A VITAL PART OF THE CITY'S ECONOMY.
BUT OIL IS OF LITTLE VALUE DURING AN EARTHQUAKE.
AND THE NEXT BIG QUAKE IS LONG OVERDUE.
L.A.'s RESIDENTS MUST BRACE THEMSELVES
BEFORE IT'S TOO LATE.
DISPATCHER: 911. What happened?
MAN: Uh, there was a hell of an earthquake, and we've got...
Narrator: 10,000 EARTHQUAKES ROCK CALIFORNIA EVERY YEAR.
THEY STRIKE WITHOUT WARNING.
THERE IS A 97% CHANCE
THAT A MASSIVE QUAKE WILL HIT SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
IN THE NEXT 30 YEARS.
A FEW SECONDS' WARNING COULD SAVE COUNTLESS LIVES.
TO HELP THEM PREDICT WHEN AN EARTHQUAKE MIGHT STRIKE,
GEOLOGISTS ARE SETTING UP
MORE THAN 350 EARLY WARNING STATIONS
ACROSS SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.
THE STATIONS HOUSE SENSORS
THAT MONITOR MOVEMENTS IN THE GROUND.
SCOTT LYDEEN WORKS
FOR THE CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY.
HE'S ON HIS WAY TO ONE OF THESE STATIONS
125 MILES OUTSIDE LOS ANGELES.
IF ANY ONE OF THESE MAJOR FAULTS MOVES,
THE ENTIRE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA METROPOLITAN AREA
IS UNDER THREAT.
Narrator: THE RACE IS ON TO HAVE THEM UP AND RUNNING
BEFORE THE NEXT BIG ONE STRIKES.
GOOD QUALITY STATIONS ARE QUIET STATIONS.
AND IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, THAT'S A RARE PLACE.
Narrator: THIS STATION IS LOCATED
RIGHT ON TOP OF THE SAN ANDREAS FAULT.
IF AN EARTHQUAKE STRIKES HERE,
IT WILL BE UP TO A MINUTE BEFORE THE SHOCK WAVE HITS L.A.
Lydeen: WE HAVE PLACED THESE SENSORS ALONG THE SAN ANDREAS FAULT
ABOUT EVERY 20 KILOMETERS.
AS THE EARTHQUAKE IS MOVING IN THAT DIRECTION,
ALL THE OTHERS THAT ARE JUST LIKE THIS
WILL PICK IT UP
AND THEY'LL START BROADCASTING THEIR WARNINGS.
OUR DATA'S FLYING AT THE SPEED OF LIGHT,
WHEREAS THE SHOCK WAVE FROM THE EARTHQUAKE
IS TRAVELING AT THE SPEED OF SOUND,
SO WE'RE BEATING THE CLOCK.
Narrator: THE DEVICES ARE EXTREMELY SENSITIVE
AND SUSCEPTIBLE TO THE EXTREME WEATHER HERE.
IT'S VITAL SCOTT CHECKS THE SENSORS REGULARLY
TO MAKE SURE THEY ARE STILL WORKING.
Lydeen: THIS PLACE EXPERIENCES
SOME HEAVY, HEAVY DOWNPOURS DURING THE MONSOON SEASON.
IT WAS A GOOD TEST.
IT'S HIGH AND DRY, AND I'M VERY HAPPY.
Narrator: THE EARLY WARNING NETWORK
IS STILL IN ITS EARLY STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT.
BUT IN THE FUTURE, IT COULD SAVE HUNDREDS OF LIVES.
Lydeen: WE CAN'T PREDICT EARTHQUAKES YET,
BUT THE CLOSEST THING WE CAN DO IS TO GIVE SOMEONE A WARNING
MAYBE 100 MILES FROM A FAULT THAT'S SLIPPING
THAT, "HEY, THERE'S AN EARTHQUAKE COMING,
"AND YOU'RE GONNA FEEL SOME VIOLENT SHAKING.
PREPARE FOR IT."
Narrator: IN LOS ANGELES,
THE PREPARATION STARTS IN SCHOOLS.
WHO THINKS THEY FELT A BIG EARTHQUAKE?
I GOT TO TELL YOU,
YOU HAVEN'T FELT A BIG EARTHQUAKE YET.
Narrator: SEISMOLOGIST LUCY JONES KNOWS
THE CITY IS SITTING ON A TECTONIC TIME BOMB.
Jones: LOS ANGELES COUNTY ALONE
HAS 1/4 OF THE UNITED STATES' EARTHQUAKE RISK.
WE ARE THE MOST DANGEROUS COUNTY IN THE COUNTRY BY QUITE A BIT.
IT'S ACTUALLY BEEN ALMOST 20 YEARS
SINCE OUR LAST SIGNIFICANT EARTHQUAKE.
AND BECAUSE OF THAT, WE'VE GOT A WHOLE GENERATION
THAT'S GROWN UP SORT OF NOT HAVING TO DEAL WITH THE ISSUE.
Narrator: TODAY, MORE THAN 20 MILLION PEOPLE
ARE TAKING PART IN AN ANNUAL EARTHQUAKE DRILL
CALLED ShakeOut.
A HOLLYWOOD MAKEUP ARTIST
PREPARES SOME CASUALTIES FOR THE DRILL.
IT IS AN ESSENTIAL TRAINING EXERCISE.
THE EMERGENCY SERVICES WON'T KNOW WHAT TO EXPECT
WHEN THEY ENTER THE SCHOOL.
Zagaris: THIS IS GOOD PRACTICE FOR EVERYBODY.
CALIFORNIA IS A VERY EARTHQUAKE-PRONE STATE.
I SOMETIMES REFER TO IT AS THE DISNEYLAND OF DISASTERS.
WE'RE GONNA HAVE TO BE ON OUR "A" GAME
WHEN THE BIG EVENT HAPPENS.
Narrator: THE SCHOOL DAY STARTS AS NORMAL.
BUT AT 10:17 A.M...
[ ALARM BLARING ]
...THE EARTHQUAKE STRIKES.
MOST OF THE KIDS TAKE COVER BEFORE EVACUATING THE BUILDING.
FIREFIGHTERS ARRIVE ON THE SCENE.
Man: I HAVE APPROXIMATELY 20 STUDENTS
THROUGHOUT THE BUILDING.
Narrator: THEY MUST LOCATE THE INJURED KIDS
AND ASSESS HOW BADLY THEY ARE HURT.
A SPECIAL-OPS RESCUE DOG LEADS THE SEARCH.
[ BLARING CONTINUES ]
GET THEM ALL OUT.
HEY, WE GOT ONE COMING OUT, RENEE.
[ ALARM BEEPING ]
Narrator: IT TAKES JUST 20 MINUTES TO EVACUATE THIS SCHOOL.
THESE EVENTS ARE VITAL
TO PREPARE L.A. FOR THE NEXT EARTHQUAKE.
IT'S ONLY A MATTER OF TIME
BEFORE THIS STAGED SCENE BECOMES A GRIM REALITY.
Jones: A BIG EARTHQUAKE ON THE SAN ANDREAS FAULT
IS ABSOLUTELY INEVITABLE.
WE CAN'T TELL YOU WHEN IT WILL HAPPEN,
BUT WE KNOW THAT IT WILL.
Narrator: LIFE IN THIS CITY IS ALWAYS ON THE EDGE,
A LAND OF BOTH OPPORTUNITY AND THREAT.
BUT THE PEOPLE HERE CAN RELY ON THE INGENIOUS INVENTIONS
HIDDEN BENEATH THE SKIN OF THE CITY
THAT STEADY ITS SKYSCRAPERS...
PROTECT ITS LIFELINES...
AND SUPPORTS ITS BRIDGES...
BRACING THIS CITY OF ANGELS
AGAINST SOME OF NATURE'S MOST DESTRUCTIVE FORCES.
-- Captions by VITAC -- www.vitac.com
CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS